What are line systems in floral design?

Line systems in floral design are the governing geometric principles that organise all lines across an entire composition - as distinct from individual lines within it. An individual line is an element: a stem, a branch, a cascading trail. A line system is a higher-order structural logic that determines how all the lines in a design relate to each other and to the whole. Six line systems are identified: Radial, in which all lines emerge from or converge toward a single central point - the governing logic of traditional design; Parallel, in which lines are aligned along parallel axes; Diagonal, in which the dominant axis runs at an angle; Winding, in which lines follow a curved, flowing path; Overlapping, in which materials are layered across different planes to create depth; and Free Arrangement, in which no governing geometric logic is imposed. The choice of line system is both a structural and a stylistic decision. Sources: Lersch (300).